Abstract Phosphogypsum (PG) is an acidic by-product that is created during the production of phosphoric acid using the sulfuric acid route. The management of PG poses a significant environmental challenge worldwide due to its large quantity and chemical composition. While PG primarily consists of calcium sulfate dihydrate, it also …
acid, 4–5 tons of phosphogypsum are produced (El Issiouy et al. 2013; Papastefanou et al. 2006). Currently, between 3 and 4 billion tons of phosphogypsum have been produced, with an annual rise of 300 million tons (Cuadri et al. 2021). The question of considering phosphogypsum as a waste or a resource has been
Human skin is the only natural defense a person has against electric shock hazards. The skin protects us against all naturally occurring electrical energy, barring lightning. ... the skin will not provide protection. …
Figure 3.25 (a) A fuse has a metal strip with a low melting point that, when overheated by an excessive current, permanently breaks the connection of a circuit to a voltage source. (b) A circuit breaker is an automatic but restorable electric switch. The one shown here has a bimetallic strip that bends to the right and into the notch if overheated.
EPA defines Phosphogypsum (40CFR61 Subpart R) "…as a radioactive waste product that results from processing phosphate ore to make phosphoric acid that is later used in fertilizer. Because the phosphate ore contains uranium and radium, phosphogypsum also contains these radionuclides. The radium is of particular concern because it
sphogypsum is incorporated." In a Federal Register notice associated with amendments to this rule, the EPA referred an individual lifetime risk of fatal cancer risk …
The problem of recycling and storage of phosphogypsum is topical for many countries around the world, as it is associated with environmental problems of pollution of water bodies, land, and atmosphere. Therefore, this paper analyzes the directions of phosphogypsum recycling and possible alternatives to its use. The main …
These stacks pose potential environmental hazards, including ground water contamination with impurities such as iron, magnesium, sodium oxides, organic matter, …
Figure 20.19 (a) A fuse has a metal strip with a low melting point that, when overheated by an excessive current, permanently breaks the connection of a circuit to a voltage source. (b) A circuit breaker is an automatic but restorable electric switch. The one shown here has a bimetallic strip that bends to the right and into the notch if overheated.
PG, discharged into the sea, watercourses or in wilderness stocks, contains toxic elements harmful to ecosystems and human health, including heavy metals and radionuclides, and there is therefore a …
The concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K maintained in phosphate rock (PR), phosphoric acid (PA) and phosphogypsum (PG) samples and its possible radiation hazards, have been measured.
NASA's plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay—boots back on the lunar surface with an orbital outpost. This station will be a launch point for voyages to destinations ...
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a hazardous industrial solid waste product from the wet phosphate industry 1,2.The widespread deposition of that fine, light- to dark-grey, powder with a slight odor and ...
Phosphogypsum(PG) is one of the typical bulk industrial solid wastes generated in the phosphate chemical industry. Due to its huge production volume and immature resource treatment technology, a large amount of PG can only be stored and disposed in slag yards, and its impact on the ecological environment is becoming increasingly significant during …
WASHINGTON (October 14, 2020) — Today, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Andrew Wheeler approved a request from The Fertilizer Institute (TFI) to allow phosphogypsum to be used in government road construction projects. "Allowing the reuse of phosphogypsum shows EPA's commitment to working with industry in a way that …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a waste by-product (residue) originating from the production of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilisers. ... Due to its chemical and radiological properties, PG can potentially cause problems for the environment and human health. Hence, before using PG, detailed knowledge of potential hazards is necessary …
by the regulatory body when determining the nature and extent of radiation protection measures. It has been developed as part of the IAEA's programme on the application of its safety standards in the fields of radiation, transport and waste safety. The information provided will assist in the implementation of a graded approach to regulation.
Phosphogypsum is usually a yellowish-white, light greyish-white or dark grey fine powdery solid. ... discuss the radiological hazards of PG, and analyse the current status of PG applications and research in highway engineering. The results of this review provide a basis for future research and the applications of PG in sustainable methods ...
Phosphogypsum (PG: CaSO4·2H2O) is a waste product (or by-product) from the production of phosphoric acid, the main component in the production of concentrated simple and complex fertilizers. The …
The harm of Cr 6+ to the human body is chronic toxicity, and the harm of PG to the human body is mainly due to the risk of oral intake (Mitra et al., 2022). If a …
Phosphogypsum is transported in pipes as slurry and is very watery when it is first put on the stack. As the phosphogypsum dries out, a crust forms on the stack. The crust thickens over time, reducing the amount of radon that can escape and helping keep the waste from blowing in the wind. Some of the water can leak out the bottom and …
Phosphogypsum is the most significant industrial solid waste in the world. Phosphogypsum has a complex composition and its traditional storage methods occupy large areas of land and also damage the environment. Currently, phosphogypsum is mainly used for the direct preparation of construction materials and chemical auxiliary …
Phosphogypsum, like natural gypsum, is calcium sulfate, a relatively innocuous material that is used to make things like wallboard. Phosphogypsum, however, is slightly more radioactive than natural gypsum. ... To be "most protective of human health," however, the EPA has set the 10 pCi/g limit for phosphogypsum use. This limit is based on ...
The concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K maintained in phosphate rock (PR), phosphoric acid (PA) and phosphogypsum (PG) samples and its possible radiation hazards, have been measured. The radionuclides in phosphate rock have been redistributed unsymmetrically between phosphoric acid and phosphogypsum during …
However, exposure to radon at higher levels and over prolonged periods of time can pose a serious hazard to human health by increasing the risk of developing …
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product produced during the wet process of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production from natural phosphate rocks. Approximately 4–6 tons of PG is produced per ton of ...
The findings suggest that the equivalent human dose could range from 1 to 2 g of glucuronolactone, compared to 600 mg in a Red Bull can. Detoxifying potential may contribute to these results, as glucuronolactone supplementation may fortify the body's natural defences against carcinogens and tumour promoters .
Phosphogypsum generation is probably the single most critical issue in the production of soluble fertilizers (Hermann et al., 2018). The numerous negative impacts of phosphogypsum on human health, land, and water resources including marine life have been widely documented by various researchers as presented in Section 2.1.1. The use …
The increasing demand for rare earth elements (REEs), especially from new and innovative technology, has strained their supply, which makes the exploration of new REE sources necessary, for example, the recovery of REEs from phsophogypsum (PG). PG is a byproduct during the wet production of phosphoric acid, which is an attractive …
Storage of phosphogypsum in waste heaps poses an environmental hazard, even if the facility is operated correctly. The problem of the utilization and storage of phosphogypsum is relevant for many …
Table 1 – Current Range And Its Effects on human body. Increase of frequency decreases the danger of current through the human body. The called "industrial frequencies" (50 Hz or 60 Hz) are the more dangerous. Related post: Emergency Planning for Safety & Protection in Industries & Installations. AC or DC, Which one is dangerous ?
A variety of co-existing impurities in phosphogypsum limit its large-scale and high-value utilization. This paper summarizes the common contents of major impurity components (silicon and phosphorus) and trace impurity components (fluorine, iron, aluminum, and carbon) in phosphogypsum and discusses the harm of impurity …
Side view of phosphogypsum stack. Phosphate production generates huge amounts of phosphogypsum wastes, nearly 48 million MTs in 1988 alone. Industry estimates that 5.2 tons of phosphogypsum is produced for every ton of phosphoric acid. Phosphogypsum has little market value and is transferred as a slurry to waste piles …
Since your body digests these foods slowly, the sugar in them offers a steady supply of energy to your cells. A high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains also has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. Consuming too much sugar
Human beings are exposed to gamma-rays and alpha-particles, mainly from the 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K. It is essential to assess the health hazards associated with these activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K in a single quantity. Commonly, the hazard levels are evaluated by the parameters of gamma radiation hazard index, …
Abstract. Phosphogypsum (PG) is an acidic by-product that is created during the production of phosphoric acid using the sulfuric acid route. The management of PG poses a significant environmental challenge worldwide due to its large quantity and chemical composition.
2. Regulate the safe treatment, storage and disposal of phosphogypsum as hazardous waste; 3. Designate phosphogypsum a high-priority substance for risk evaluation; 4. Require manufacturers to conduct testing on phosphogypsum and process wastewater; and 5. Determine that the use of phosphogypsum in road construction is a significant …
PG, discharged into the sea, watercourses or in wilderness stocks, contains toxic elements harmful to ecosystems and human health, including heavy metals and radionuclides, and there is therefore...
Phosphogypsum is formed as a byproduct of the wet process or wet acid process used in the production of phosphoric acid. The formation of phosphogypsum involves several steps: 1. Phosphate Rock Extraction: The process begins with the extraction of phosphate rock, which is a mineral ore rich in phosphorus. Phosphate rock …
